Abstract
SummaryAnimals' ability to sense environmental cues and to integrate this information to control fecundity is vital for continuing the species lineage. In this study, we observed that the sensory neurons Amphid neuron (ASHs and ADLs) differentially regulate egg-laying behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans under varied environmental conditions via distinct neuronal circuits. Under standard culture conditions, ASHs tonically release a small amount of glutamate and inhibit Hermaphrodite specific motor neuron (HSN) activities and egg laying via a highly sensitive Glutamate receptor (GLR)-5 receptor. In contrast, under Cu2+ stimulation, ASHs and ADLs may release a large amount of glutamate and inhibit Amphid interneuron (AIA) interneurons via low-sensitivity Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLC)-3 receptor, thus removing the inhibitory roles of AIAs on HSN activity and egg laying. However, directly measuring the amount of glutamate released by sensory neurons under different conditions and assaying the binding kinetics of receptors with the neurotransmitter are still required to support this study directly.
Highlights
The establishment of a succeeding generation is essential for the survival of all biological species
We observed that the sensory neurons Amphid neuron (ASHs and ADLs) differentially regulate egg-laying behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans under varied environmental conditions via distinct neuronal circuits
ASHs tonically release a small amount of glutamate and inhibit Hermaphrodite specific motor neuron (HSN) activities and egg laying via a highly sensitive Glutamate receptor (GLR)-5 receptor
Summary
The establishment of a succeeding generation is essential for the survival of all biological species. Drosophila nigrospiracula males infected experimentally by parasites courted females significantly more than unparasitized control males before dying, albeit they lived a shorter life than the control males This higher courtship results in an increased mating rate and potentially greater reproductive success (Polak and Starmer, 1998). Intensive harvesting has caused pronounced shifts in growth rate, reproductive timing, and even genomic shifts in many commercially valuable stocks (Allendorf and Hard, 2009; Baskett and Barnett, 2015; Eikeset et al, 2016; Heino et al, 2015; Therkildsen et al, 2019) These observations and many others could be explained by the life-history theory, which argues that when organisms experience environmental conditions that can reduce their long-term reproductive success, they increase their present reproductive output through phenotypic plasticity (Dingle, 1990; Fox et al, 2019; Hirshfield and Tinkle, 1975; Kavanagh and Kahl, 2016; Neil and Ford, 1989). The molecular and neuronal mechanisms underlying this adaptive response have not been fully elucidated
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