Sights of the Ukrainian Cossatians as a Tourist Resource

KEY HISTORICAL EVENTS; Kyiv (formerly Kiev) was the centre of the Rus principality in the 11th and 12th centuries and is still known as the Mother of Russian cities. In the 13th century the area was invaded by Tatar-Mongols and the western Ukraine principality of Galicia was annexed by Poland in the 14th century. At about the same time, Kyiv and the Ukrainian principality of Volhynia were conquered by Lithuania, before being absorbed by Poland. Poland, however, could not subjugate the Ukrainian cossacks, who allied themselves with Russia. The lands east of the Dnepr River were ceded to Russia in 1667 (some parts of Ukraine had been annexed by Muscovy much earlier), and the remainder of Ukraine, except for Galicia (part of the Austrian Empire, 1772-1919), was incorporated into the Russian Empire after the second partition of Poland in 1793.

The Polish-Turkish war of 1672–1676 almost did not arouse the interest of Ukrainian researchers, although the causes of the war were the situation and events in Ukrainian lands, the fighting took place exclusively on Ukrainian territory, Ukrainian cities and villages were burned, and the Ukrainian population was mainly recruited into the camp. This already determines the relevance of such research. In the historiography, the events of the war are covered in a rather one-sided way, and the Ukrainian historiography considered these problems as marginal, while the Polish historiography gravitated towards the apologetics of the main hero of the war, the hetman, and then King Jan III Sobieski. Many episodes of the war have remained unnoticed by researchers, the role of individual personalities, in particular the Ukrainian hetmans Petro Doroshenko and Mykhailo Khanenko, remains incompletely illuminated or distorted by outdated stereotypes. The article attempts to revise the coverage and assessments of the course of the war, focusing more attention on the Ukrainian military formations and their leaders who participated in the hostilities of both opposing sides. The causes and consequences of individual campaigns, battles and their results, in particular those fixed in the course of complex compromise negotiations, are analyzed. Certain old stereotypes have been corrected, attention has been focused on important episodes that have fallen out of the field of view of researchers of the problem. Some new problems have been raised that need to be solved in the course of further research. Keywords: the Polish-Turkish war, the siege of Lviv, the second battle of Khotyn, the battle of Zhuravno, the Peace of Zhuravno, the Ukrainian Cossacks, Petro Doroshenko, Mykhailo Khanenko.

Tourism should be evaluated as a sustainable progress tool to obtain the continuity in the areas which acquires cultural heritage and natural values. It is observed that, the two important visual features in tourism are the environmental characteristics and the architectural characteristics of the accommodation buildings that belong to cultural heritage. Environmental protection conception and returning back to nature also affected the architecture. Today, people that have a certain intellectual and cultural level, prefer and look for environmentally interrelated facilities that are peculiar to that district, that are completely in nature, that are providing an interactivity with the local people, and have cultural heritage, rather than facilities that have a common architectural style, that have a good comfort of a luxury hotel and that are indented and self-sufficient. These kinds of facilities are mostly developed by Small Sized Tourism Firms (STF) and Micro Entrepreneurs/Very Small Sized firms. The STF’s are obtained from a lot of different source. Most of them are developed by special investors using small capitals. Some others, especially micro entrepreneurs/very small sized firms are mostly owned and ran by a family. In this study, evaluation of the sustainability on cultural heritage and environmental factors in architecture from a tourism point of view and the characteristic features and design approaches of the STF’s that are already located in or might be located in Ayvalik historical city center are analysed.

The present aspects of the panama canal from the tourist's point of view

The application of innovative approaches to achieving "green" policies in the management of accommodation undoubtedly plays a key role in making it more attractive and desirable from the tourist's point of view. Globally, there is a growing trend for tourists to be more demanding in their choice and to stay in hotels offering favorable conditions that help both nature conservation and natural resources. As a result, the interest of tourists is growing, in search of hotels that leave a feeling of closeness to nature, show a responsible attitude towards it, and the desire to leave a paler footprint of human activity. This change in demand necessitates the introduction of innovations by hoteliers to successfully achieve the set goals, despite the slight increase in the cost of the service offered to the tourist with responsible thinking for the environment.

Tunezja stanowiła do 2015 roku jeden z głównych kierunków wyjazdów turystycznych Polaków. Jednak zamach terrorystyczny na muzeum w Bardo, szeroko relacjonowany w mass mediach, zmienił wizerunek Tunezji jako bezpiecznego miejsca wypoczynku. Jedną z kluczowych decyzji klientów biur podróży, którzy wykupili pobyt w omawianym kraju, była decyzja: jechać do zarezerwowanego wcześniej miejsca czy zmienić kraj planowanego wypoczynku. Przed podobnym dylematem stanęli organizatorzy turystyki: zawiesić ofertę wypoczynku w omawianym kraju czy uznać, że zamach nie stanie się poważnym czynnikiem wyborów konsumenckich. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie i ocena sentymentu wypowiedzi na profilach firmowych (fanpage’ach) biur podróży wysyłających turystów do Tunezji, ogniskująca się wokół kwestii: jechać – nie jechać. Ze względu na bezpośrednią, natychmiastową i szczerą dyskusję prowadzoną między internautami oraz między internautami a biurem podróży, można przyjrzeć się rzeczywistym przesłankom wyborów dokonywanych w ramach procesu nabywczego w sytuacji kryzysowej.

Objective: On the basis of general geographical analysis to reveal the tourist potential of the Main European watershed on the territory of Ukraine. Method. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization as well as cartographic methods by the means of GIS have been used. Results:The peculiarities of the geographical location of the Main European Watershed on a European scale have been analyzed. New facts from the history of its research have been presented. A hypsometric profile along the watershed line has been constructed, its morphometric parameters have been determined. With the help of detailed cartographic analysis, the Ukrainian section of the Main European Watershed line has been identified. Its location in relation to the physical and geographical zoning has been determined. A regional analysis of tourist facilities attractiveness on the watershed line has been conducted. Cross-border and domestic transport opportunities for access to the watershed line have been assessed. The coordinate reference of the most important orohydrographic elements - the points of watersheds intersection of large transboundary rivers basins: Danube, Vistula, Dniester, Dnieper, as well as their tourist significance have been specified. Possibilities of tourist use of nature reserve fund objects which are located on the watershed line have been revealed, in particular of such national natural parks, as Uzhanian National Nature Park, Boikivschyna National Nature Park, Yavorivskyi National Park, Northern Podillia, Shatsk National Natural Park. The importance of the watershed for sustainable (ecologically oriented) tourism development in international biosphere reserves: "The Eastern Carpathians" (Slovak-Ukrainian-Polish), "Roztochia" (Ukrainian-Polish), "Western Polissya" (Polish-Ukrainian-Belarusian) has been demonstrated. Touristic assessment of historical and cultural sites located on the watershed line has been conducted. The importance of the city of Lviv as a separate tourist destination has been emphasized. Environmental problems related to the development of tourist resources have been outlined. Selected tourist clusters of the destination have been identified, the possibilities of their use have been revealed. The Main European Watershed specifics in general tourist resources classification have been emphasized. Scientific novelty: For the first time, the Main European Watershed has been considered as a separate integrated tourist destination, its detailed geographical analysis has been performed, and a cluster approach has been used to assess the tourist resources located on the watershed line. Practical significance. The results of the study will contribute to the integration process of Ukraine into the European tourist area, give impetus to new tourist routes planning, promote the development of tourist resources of national natural and regional landscape parks, support tourist clusters planning and developing.

In the last decade, following the climate and environmental changes, the geopolitical and strategic importance of the Arctic Region has grown substantially. Global warming has rendered it more and more accessible from the economic, energetic, commercial and even touristic point of view, but on the other hand, this fact also represents a concern for some global, regional or state actors. Warming in the region has created a new space, important from the point of view natural resources, but a non-governed space, which a series of governments are willing to attribute to themselves. The situation tends to complicate because of territorial disputes, the activity and military presence in the Arctic region have grown, generating a more and more complex competition and rivalry, however this state does not necessarily suggest an imminent conflict. On the other hand, at present, the region does not have a security architecture generating a cooperation dynamics. The paper proposes a synthetic analysis and a prognosis on the possibilities of confrontation in the region, based on geopolitical, economic, military and non-military interests of the actors in the Arctic space in global context, using elements of PMESII matrix.

Introducing life cycle thinking to define best available techniques for products: Application to the anchovy canning industry

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the methodology for assessing the quality of services in agrotourism. The main goal is to develop a model that would allow us to take into account all the nuances of assessing the quality of services, taking into account agricultural specifics. In this case, it is difficult to justify ways to improve efficiency, operating solely on economic performance indicators, both absolute and relative: gross income, gross output, net profit, profitability, and others. The presence of both quantitative and qualitative components in this case causes certain difficulties in assessing the efficiency of production. The assessment should include separate components related to the quality side – the service. In this case, it is a component that affects the attraction of additional sources of financing for the main activities of agricultural enterprises. The work is primarily devoted to small businesses – farms as attractive objects from a tourist point of view. In addition, from our point of view, small businesses are able to extract the maximum possible cumulative effect from the combination of basic agricultural activities and the provision of related services. The article presents a methodology for assessing the quality of services based on the SERVQUAL model and adapted for use in the field of agriculture.

For western tourists Japan is a mysterious country. That mystery was further increased by relatively long-lasting political isolationism, which consequently resulted in tourism isolationism. With tragic events – a 9-magnitude earthquake and a resulting gigantic tsunami, reaching 10 meters in height (11.03.2011) inthe background, the author will analyze the geotourist potential of Japan. It can be predicted that, paradoxically, the strong earthquake and tsunami will soon result in an increased inflow of tourists. That might be related to the development of many new forms of geotourism, among which dark tourism became most and most popular. In this highly urbanized country, the geological heritage creates relict landscapes which could be referred to as quasi-natural.There are very interesting from a tourist point of view. The article was based on the author’s own observations during her study trip around Japan in May, 2009. The journey around picturesque and to a great extent wild, as for Japan, spots of Shikoku and Honshu, inspired the author to present a few notes regarding thegeotourist attractiveness of that country. This is an attempt to assess the environmental potential from the point of view of an European tourist.

In this paper a new method is presented for sustainable development in desert regions using their tourism potentials. By providing job opportunities, tourism can play an important role in sustainable development in developing countries. Desert areas are characterized by a low and sparse population spread over large areas of lower productivity land which made their sustainable development complex. Deserts have a variety of potentials from a tourism point of view in which comprehensive planning can lead them to a sustainable development. Iran, located on the world desert girdle, contains 3.8% of the world’s deserts. Lack of natural resources in Iran desert lands makes their development very slow and unsustainable. Research and practices in other countries such as Australia showed that tourism planning can be viewed as one of the most appropriate ways for sustainable development in such areas. Previous research has focused on tourism development by using the deserts’ environmental characteristics and they mostly neglect sustainability in development. This research intends to provide sustainability through tourism planning in desert environments in Iran. We firstly investigate tourism’s interesting parameters in Iran’s desert lands. Then, by using AHP analysis and comparing different rural areas from these parameters’ point of view the best region for starting desert tourism planning is selected. The best area is Mesr Village near the central desert of Iran. Afterward, using SWOT and investigating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, some strategic plans for developing the tourism industry and subsequently sustainable development in this area are proposed.

Topicality . On the territory of Ukraine in the coastal areas various spheres and types of economic activity are developing, representing a complex of seafarers, and polyfunctional natural resources of these territories are not always used rationally in the directions of activity; their recreational value and uniqueness are not taken into account; their socioeconomic and ecological damage, in fact, property rights are violated. Natural coastal areas resources are used by subjects of economic activity of various forms and ownership rights to man-made production factors. Lack of economic substantiation of the property rights specification, their blurriness, lead to a conflict of interests of various users with natural recreational resources and the need to transform the state regulation processes in this area. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is the substantiation of requirements in the transformation processes concerning the regulation of property relations on the natural recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas as a basis for rational and environmentally safe use of them. Research results. The article deals with the institutional aspects of the state regulation development in the field of property relations on recreational and tourist resources. The imperfection of the regulatory and legislative framework concerning the legal status and economic relations with regard to the ownership of beach areas located in coastal zones. The coastal beach areas of southern Ukraine are highlighted and described. The necessity of transformation of institutes and institutions of property management on natural recreational and tourist resources at the state and regional levels is substantiated. The lease relations regarding the use of beach areas are described. The institutional directions of property relations improvement on the natural recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas are substantiated. Conclusions. There are many potential recreational beach areas in our country, which can be mastered and used with the maximum social, ecological and economic effect, but the lack of state and local budget funds causes the need for the tenants to use beach resources, with the obligatory carrying out of protective, restorative and other measures for the arrangement of the territories. The process of state regulation of economic relations of recreational coastal resources ownership is not sufficiently effective as a result of the imperfection of the existing legislative and regulatory framework, the mechanisms of control by the state on the state of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the institutional mechanisms of development of property relations on the recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas.

Since the tourist arrives at the location as a rural marketplace, they will get soon their gaze, as they watch some products. These products include location, price, service, facilities, images, in the dynamic of the development of the local people. The local people are considered to be suppliers of the product, as seen in the tourism point of view. The basic point of view of the tourist is the romanticism and nostalgia is experienced at the location and it’s relation with the tourist capacity and capability to understand some associations of the products, as products are categorized and branded, underneath they are the controlled as well as the tourist understand the meaning of the symbols locally, in the form of cultural goods. This case raises up some tourism consideration which this will be studied in the field of comparative rural tourism, heritage tourism. The tourists have their own criteria in understanding people‘s way of life, development, condition, in their locality and in the other hand is the people, the way they understand the tourists’ needs and wants. The relation between local people and tourists attitude is in this contact, communicates the ongoing matter of tourism. The attitude of the local people in the tourist village in Chandran, they are the creator of their heritage. The heritage has a role for them, because its value, in several degrees, is correlatively connected with local history, culture, and nature. This is important to understand local heritage tourism. Diversity of the dynamic rtelation between the village and the city in the tourisme context is significant and it’s difference is understood. The village, it’s self, in the tourisme context, stengthens the destination of Jogjakarta by producing the tourist village in the setting of rural tourisme, heritage tourisme. Tourist needs and wants of the rural as product (tangible-intangible) to consume , the local people make some supplies as attraction, acces includes catergorical and brand, where the product : tourist village is typical and specific, valueable, increases the power of attraction , because of it’s content, where people respons to challenge in their locality at location. The location (historicval, cultural, natural aspect) can increase tourist’s motivation, inisiate the pulled factor, and forme the heritage tourisme, rural tourisme.The role of the people, in their every day life, is as induvidual or collective local actor, they do, they create heritage for them, they expresse visually, in their attitude toward tourist (performence), as well as their attitude is focused at the rural museum. The people acts as cultural model, authentic, fixing up the proses of consumption (economics). The product to consume is attached with it’s association and it’s symbolic meaning (cultural). The Museum Tani Jawa Indonesia in Candran increase the selling value of it’s locality and try to fit with the standard expectation toward the global standar as this is the matter of the field in the comparative rural, heritage tourisme.

The complexity of territorial tourism systems is reflected today in the dynamism of the so-called “digital ecosystems”, such as hyper-connected territorial systems that require integrated government actions oriented to marketing and destination governance strategies. These planning scenarios involve a participatory vision, able to activate virtuous formulas of integrated design of spaces for tourist use, as well as some action of social dialogue and territorial animation. In order to highlight the narrative elements and the related aspects of governance of the destination, understood as a geographical area and, also, as a tourist product with high emotional content. This study investigates the field of study of spatial planning according to a cross-cutting and multi-level government vision in favour of a more effective planning in a tourism point of view. In this field of investigation, the traditional elements of the destination are integrated with the most innovative elements to support the territorial organizational management, such as, strategies for the digitalisation of material and intangible assets with high attractive value for territorial use. In light of scientific literature review, the paper also illustrates the results of a research project called HERIBITS (Heritage Best Practice Models and Crowdfunding Intelligence to enable the Culture Economy) conducted by the University of Pisa in order to create a techno-social web platform for joint use, of the local community and of the public decision-makers of the tourist system, on different territorial scale.