Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrangement, and physiological changes. In closed-type plant factory units, the rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, ‘Gaya Glory’ and ‘Pearl Egg’, were subjected to a 10 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions relative to the plant including the top, side, and bottom. Compared to the top or bottom lighting, the side lighting greatly enhanced the plant growth, improved the leaf internal structure and chloroplast arrangement, induced small stomata with a higher density, and promoted stomatal opening, which is associated with an increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. It is worth noting that the side lighting significantly enhanced the induction of branching and flowering for both cultivars., The plants grown with side lighting consistently exhibited the greatest physiological performance. We conclude that the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of chrysanthemum, and that side lighting dramatically promoted their growth and development, especially in their branching and flowering.
Highlights
Growing plants indoors through means such as the plant growth chamber, plant factory, and greenhouse using supplemental lighting provided by highly controllable artificial lighting systems, can circumvent the influence of unstable external environmental factors, and has become a popular methodology used in horticulture research
These findings indicated that non-optimal lighting directions negatively affects length, fresh and dryleaf weights the roots exhibited highly positive influences the side the chrysanthemum tissueofstructures, while an optimum lighting directionofpositively lighting application
A significant increase of the shoot to root ratio was observed with the top lighting, compared to that with the side and bottom lighting, which could be explained by the negative phototropism of plant roots first discovered by Darwin [69]. These results demonstrated that the side lighting greatly improved the chrysanthemum morphology, and that side lighting is more important in increasing plant biomass, stem diameter, and for promoting branching and flowering compared to the top and bottom lighting
Summary
Growing plants indoors through means such as the plant growth chamber, plant factory, and greenhouse using supplemental lighting provided by highly controllable artificial lighting systems, can circumvent the influence of unstable external environmental factors, and has become a popular methodology used in horticulture research. The applications of Plant Artificial Lights (PALs) means that sunlight does not constitute the unique light source for agricultural production as it can be replaced by PALs. Indoor plant cultivation with artificial lighting is an innovative technology for modern agriculture that fundamentally changes the concept of farming [1]. Growing plants indoors presents challenges that all growers must overcome. For these reasons, the methods through which to select the correct lighting for indoor plant cultivation has become a subject of great interest
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