Abstract
Abstract Muwallads (native neo-Muslims) were one of the groups that played an important role in political and social changes during the reign of the Umayyads of Andalusia. By conversion to Islam, they called for equal rights with the Arab minority. However, political exclusion, poverty, and economic pressure, social and racial discrimination applied against them by the Arab Umayyad rulers provided the context of their rebellion. Initially, most Muwallads began military struggle against the reign to obtain their rights. The conditions almost changed by the beginning of the third Abul Al-Rahman’s governance (imprinted, 912-961 AD), and the peaceful politics as well as ethnic and religious tolerance of Abdul Nasser, the Umayyad caliph and his son, the second sentence (imprinted; 961-972 AD) made opportunities for Muwallads to participate in political and social structures of Andalusia society. However, in the meantime, some of them emphasizing their ethnic identity did cultural and intellectual activities in the form of praising and advocating talent and ability of non- Arab against Arabs’ racial prejudice and racial superiority. In addition, gradually, with the weakness of the Umayyad rule in Andalusia and the formation of independent states, the defensive mode changed into offensive and explicit denial of the Arab’s race by the Muwallads that culminated in the Shu’ubiyya treatise of Ibn Garasiah. Using an analytical approach, this article is intended, first, to examine the causes and context of the formation of Shu’ubiyya thoughts in Andalusia and then to survey the method and quality of writing treatises and writings of Shu’ubiyya at the end of Umayyad rule.
Highlights
According to what has been narrated by researchers[1] in definition of Shu'ubiyya movement, Shu’ubiyyas were a group who believed that there is not any difference between various races and nations in confrontation with racial discrimination of Umayyads and some other fanatic Arab groups
During the third and fourth AH centuries, non-Arabs population in Andalusia decreased due to conversion to Islam or immigration to Christian residence of North.[4]. In addition to these races, another group that played a significant role in development of Shu'ubiyya thoughts in Andalusia was Saqaliba that their number increased during the reign of Abdul Nasser (912-962 AD) and his son, Hokm (962-972 AD).[5]
After the conquest of Andalusia by Arab conquerors and the establishment of Umayyad rule, the process of conversion to Islam began among the natives of the region
Summary
According to what has been narrated by researchers[1] in definition of Shu'ubiyya movement, Shu’ubiyyas were a group who believed that there is not any difference between various races and nations in confrontation with racial discrimination of Umayyads and some other fanatic Arab groups. They believed no tribe is superior to other. The first step; was the equality between Arab and non-Arab that was accompanied with Islamic teachings and reasons and emerged in the form of a literary movement. In the twelfth conference of east scholars held in Rome in 1899 AD, German East scholar, Goldziher[5] raised a debate as “Shu’ubiyya movement for Muslims of Andalusia" that was published in “German association of
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