Abstract
It is known that the dimension of an injection-molded product, as it cools after the molding process, is usually different from the corresponding dimension of the mold cavity. The geometric reduction in the size of the part is referred to as mold shrinkage, or as-molded shrinkage, or simply shrinkage. According to ASTM standards (ASTM D955-08), shrinkage is measured 24–48 h after demolding. Warpage, or warping, is the distortion induced by the inhomogeneous shrinkage. According to Austin (1991) and Shoemaker (2006), variations in shrinkage can be further classified into three types: (i) shrinkage difference in different directions due to the material anisotropy; (ii) shrinkage variations from region to region in the part due to non-uniform pressure and temperature distributions over the part; (iii) non-uniform shrinkage across the thickness due to the differential cooling on opposing mold faces.
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