Abstract
BackgroundAxons from the visceral motor neurons (vMNs) project from nuclei in the hindbrain to innervate autonomic ganglia and branchial arch-derived muscles. Although much is known about the events that govern specification of somatic motor neurons, the genetic pathways responsible for the development of vMNs are less well characterized. We know that vMNs, like all motor neurons, depend on sonic hedgehog signaling for their generation. Similarly, the paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b) gene, which is expressed in both proliferating progenitors and post-mitotic motor neurons, is essential for the development of vMNs. Given that our previous study identified a novel role for the short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2) gene in the hindbrain, and since SHOX2 has been shown to regulate transcription of islet 1 (Isl1), an important regulator of vMN development, we sought to determine whether Shox2 is required for the proper development of the facial motor nucleus.ResultsUsing a Nestin-Cre driver, we show that elimination of Shox2 throughout the brain results in elevated cell death in the facial motor nucleus at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E14.5, which correlates with impaired axonal projection properties of vMNs. We also observed changes in the spatial expression of the vMN cell fate factors Isl1 and Phox2b, and concomitant defects in Shh and Ptch1 expression in Shox2 mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that elimination of Shox2 results in the loss of dorsomedial and ventromedial subnuclei by postnatal day 0 (P0), which may explain the changes in physical activity and impaired feeding/nursing behavior in Shox2 mutants.ConclusionsCombined, our data show that Shox2 is required for development of the facial motor nucleus and its associated facial (VII) nerves, and serves as a new molecular tool to probe the genetic programs of this understudied hindbrain region.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0176-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Axons from the visceral motor neurons project from nuclei in the hindbrain to innervate autonomic ganglia and branchial arch-derived muscles
At E10.5, Shox2lacZ/+ embryos showed lacZ staining in the trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) ganglia of the embryo (Figure 1f )
Since conditional inactivation of stature homeobox 2 (Shox2) in the brain was previously shown to result in the down-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in dorsal-residing Purkinje cells of the cerebellum [33], we investigated whether loss of Shox2 function in the facial motor nucleus interfered with the expression of Shh
Summary
Axons from the visceral motor neurons (vMNs) project from nuclei in the hindbrain to innervate autonomic ganglia and branchial arch-derived muscles. Motor neuron progenitors are born in a region-specific manner, neighboring the floor plate, in response to their level of exposure to different morphogenetic gradients [1, 2]. These neuronal progenitors differentiate in a rhombomere-specific pattern, which requires the correct spatiotemporal expression of the. Even though sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is known to be required for the development of all motor neurons [7, 11,12,13,14,15], the upstream regulators of Shh expression and function during late embryonic and early postnatal development, especially within the vMNs of the facial motor nucleus, remain largely unknown [16]. The precise role of Isl in these cell types and in their respective hindbrain nuclei, such as the facial motor nucleus, remains poorly documented
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