Abstract

This article argues for the recognition of some professionals in employment as ‘undertakings’ on the grounds that they are ‘false employed’—a term inspired by Dutch Orchestra which regarded some self-employed musicians as ‘false self-employed’ who lost their status as ‘undertaking’. It teases out the potential parameters of this category by drawing on labour law research and suggests that it extends beyond the liberal professionals to include professionals employed in, for example, financial services and IT. Adopting this approach would secure the applicability of Art 101TFEU (and, presumably, equivalent provisions of national competition law in some Member States) to anti-competitive decisions of professional associations whose membership includes many employees.

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