Abstract
ABSTRACT While many epidemiological studies have examined the health effects of different sizes of ambient particulate matter (PM), the findings have been mixed. PM is a heterogeneous mixture, and its chemical components differ by size, with more combustion related materials in the fine mode and more crustal materials in the coarse mode. This study estimates the risk of mortality associated with exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5-10 (particulate matter less than 10 µm and greater than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Long-term measurements of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were compared with the all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality observed from January 2006 till December 2012 in three large cities in Korea (viz., Seoul, Busan, and Incheon). A time-series analysis based on a quasi-Poisson distribution was used to evaluate the associations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 with mortality. A 10 µg m−3 increase in PM2.5 (lag01) was associated with an increase of 1.18% (95% CI: 0.64, 1.72), 0.34% (95% CI: 0.03, 0.64), and 0.43% (90% CI: 0.02, 0.95) in the all-cause mortality in Busan, Seoul, and Incheon, respectively, during the study period. An increase in respiratory mortality of 0.52% (95% CI: 0.09, 0.96) and 2.25% (95% CI: 0.38, 4.15) was associated with a 10 µg m–3 increase in PM2.5 (lag01) in Seoul and Busan, respectively. Overall, the strongest associations were observed in Busan as well as among the elderly population. Statistically significant associations between ambient PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, and mortality were observed in this study. Exposure to fine particles, which mostly originate in combustion and mobile emissions, showed stronger effects on human health than coarse particles, which mostly originate in natural sources such as soil and mechanical processes.
Highlights
IntroductionMany epidemiological studies have identified the associations between ambient fine (less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter particulate matter: PM2.5) or coarse (less than 10 μm and greater than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter particulate matter: PM2.5-10) particles and health (Katsouyanni et al, 1997; Pope III and Dockery, 2006; Samoli et al, 2013; Apte et al, 2015)
Many epidemiological studies have identified the associations between ambient fine or coarse particles and health (Katsouyanni et al, 1997; Pope III and Dockery, 2006; Samoli et al, 2013; Apte et al, 2015)
Long-term measurements of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were compared with the all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality observed from January 2006 till December 2012 in three large cities in Korea
Summary
Many epidemiological studies have identified the associations between ambient fine (less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter particulate matter: PM2.5) or coarse (less than 10 μm and greater than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter particulate matter: PM2.5-10) particles and health (Katsouyanni et al, 1997; Pope III and Dockery, 2006; Samoli et al, 2013; Apte et al, 2015). Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18: 1853–1862, 2018 exposure have increased, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA) announced a revision of the ambient air quality standards of PM2.5 concentration for 24-hour from 65 μg m−3 to 35 μg m−3, and annually from 15 μg m−3 to 12 μg m−3 to offer increased protection against the negative health effects related to short-term and longterm PM2.5 exposure (U.S EPA, 2008). While many health issues related with severe air pollution, mainly due to increases in the urban population, have been reported in Korea, the PM2.5 standard in Korea is still weaker than the standards set by the United States and the World Health Organization (WHO).
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