Short term immobilization-induced cancellous bone loss is limited to regions undergoing high turnover and/or modeling in mature rats

Abstract

Estrogen and calcium deficiencies increase both bone resorption and formation, whereas immobilization mainly decreases bone formation. How these functionally different risk factors for bone loss interact in cancellous bone undergoing modeling or remodeling activity is not well understood. Mature (6-month-old) female rats were subjected to sham operation (sham), ovariectomy (ovx), dietary calcium deficiency (LoCa, 0.1% Ca), and sciatic and femoral denervation (IM), ovx + IM, or LoCa + IM for 4 weeks. The primary spongiosa, the region of active modeling within 1 mm of the growth plate, in ovx, LoCa, and IM groups showed a decrease in cancellous bone volume, trabecular number, and connectivity when compared to sham controls. Groups combining two risk factors exhibited additive changes when compared with single risk factor groups. In the secondary spongiosa, an area with little modeling activity, ovx and LoCa groups, as expected, lost bone. In contrast with the primary spongiosa, IM alone did not induce bone loss in the secondary spongiosa, and the groups with a combination of IM and ovx or IM and LoCa showed a greater bone loss than either ovx or LoCa alone. Ovx and LoCa groups showed increases in both bone formation rate and eroded surface in the secondary spongiosa, while IM groups showed a decrease in bone formation rate. Combining IM with either ovx or LoCa resulted in increased eroded surface. The effects on cortical bone were assessed at the tibio-fibular junction. A trend toward decreased percentage of cortical bone area and an increase in marrow cavity area were observed in the combined deficiency groups only. These changes were the result of a statistically significant increase in endosteal eroded surface in IM + ovx and IM + LoCa groups. Our results demonstrate that immobilization-induced bone loss is restricted to the primary spongiosa where most modeling events occur. However, the inhibitory effect of IM on bone formation in the secondary spongiosa is unmasked in remodeling sites when a high turnover state is provided by either estrogen or dietary calcium deficiency. These results suggest that the presence of a risk factor, such as immobilization, which in the short term causes inhibition of bone formation, does not predispose the skeleton to rapid cancellous bone loss except when accompanied by modeling or high turnover.