Abstract
In February 1996, the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service completed a renovation project at Horsethief Spring, LeFlore County, Oklahoma. This spring is located on the north face of Winding Stair Mountain along the Talimena Scenic Drive (State Highway 1; T3N R25E Sec. 7). Renovations included paving the existing parking area, installing a restroom facility and picnic site above the spring, resurfacing the existing horse trail that crosses just below the spring origin, reconstructing a stone wall next to the lower parking area, and removing riparian vegetation along the upper portion of the spring. The area of vegetation removal was approximately 0.1 acres. Although this may seem to be a small-scale disturbance, we were concerned about the potential impacts on sensitive salamander species that depend on the spring habitat.
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