Short Stature before Puberty: Which Children Should Be Screened for SHOX Deficiency?

Abstract

Objective: We studied the prevalence of deficiency in the short stature homeobox containing gene (SHOX) in prepubertal short-statured children and analyzed the clinical and radiological signs. Methods: Screening for SHOX deficiency was performed in 449 prepubertal short-statured children (54% females, aged 4-10 years) by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation probe-dependent amplification. Children with SHOX deficiency were compared to 1:2 age- and gender-matched prepubertal children without SHOX deficiency with respect to left-hand radiographs and anthropometrics including different ratios to height and proposed scores. Results: We identified 22 (4.9%) patients with SHOX deficiency (64% point mutations). Children with SHOX deficiency demonstrated a mesomelic shortening of extremities. Lower leg lengths but not forearm length was reduced in children <8 years with SHOX deficiency. 36% of all children and none of the children <8 years with SHOX deficiency demonstrated any typical radiologic sign. Increased sitting height-to-height ratio and decreased extremities-to-trunk ratio demonstrated the best positive and negative predictive values to identify SHOX deficiency. Conclusions: Screening for SHOX deficiency seems rational, especially in children with increased sitting height-to-height ratio or decreased extremities-to-trunk ratio. These criteria were also valid in young children.