Short sleep, insomnia symptoms, and evening chronotype are correlated with poorer mood and quality of life in adolescent transgender males

Abstract

ObjectivePoor sleep is common among adolescents and associated with impaired mood and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Transgender individuals are at increased risk of mood problems hypothesized to be due to minority stress; however, no research has investigated associations between sleep and mood in this population. We aimed to examine sleep, mood, and HRQOL in transgender adolescent males. Design & settingTransgender males age 13-16 were recruited from a U.S. gender diversity clinic. MeasurementsParticipants completed one week of home actigraphy monitoring. Questionnaires assessed insomnia symptoms, chronotype, mood, and HRQOL. Pearson correlations between sleep, mood, and HRQOL were examined. ResultsA total of 10 participants completed study measures during the school year. Participants obtained less than the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night, and half of participants endorsed insomnia symptoms. Greater insomnia symptoms were correlated with higher anxiety (P = .04) and depression (P = .04) symptoms, and poorer Psychosocial HRQOL (P = .03). Earlier weekday and weekend bed and wake times and earlier weekday sleep midpoint were associated with better Wellbeing HRQOL. No other significant correlations between sleep and mood or HRQOL variables were found. ConclusionsAnxiety and depression symptoms were associated with self-reported insomnia symptoms, while HRQOL was associated with both insomnia symptoms and objective sleep timing in this sample of adolescent transgender males. Clinicians should assess both sleep and mood symptoms in this population and future research should evaluate the impact of improved sleep and gender-affirming care on mood and HRQOL for transgender adolescents.