Abstract
Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality & purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species.
Highlights
The herbal raw material has many variations due to several factors like the identity of the plants and seasonal variation, the ecotypic, genotypic and chemotypic variations, drying and storage conditions and the presence of xenobiotic.Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times as medicines for the treatment of range of diseases
Herbal medicines use has increased due to several reasons like inefficiency of conventional medicines, abusive use of synthetic drugs resulting in side effects, large percentage of world‘s population does not have access to conventional pharmacological treatment and medicines
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) involves fragmenting a sample of DNA by a restriction enzyme, which can recognize and cut DNA wherever a specific short sequence ( 4-6 base pair recognition site) occurs, in a process known as a restriction digest
Summary
The herbal raw material has many variations due to several factors like the identity of the plants and seasonal variation, the ecotypic, genotypic and chemotypic variations, drying and storage conditions and the presence of xenobiotic. The fingerprint profiles serve as guideline to the phytochemical profile of the drug in ensuring the quality, while quantification of the marker serve as an additional parameter in assessing the quality of the sample. Standardization of herbal raw drugs include data of raw plant drugs, botanical authentication which include microscopic & molecular examination, physical parameters like moisture content, ash value, extractive value etc., identification of chemical composition by various chromatographic techniques and determination of biological activity of the whole plant. WHO GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY STANDARDIZED HERBAL FORMULATIONS: 1) Quality control of crude drugs material, plant preparations and finished products. The bioactive extract should be standardized on the basis of active principles or major compounds along with the chromatographic fingerprints (TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, and GC)
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