Short communication: Herd-level analysis of antimicrobial use and mortality in veal calves: Do herds with low usage face higher mortality?

Abstract

The veal calf sector fears that a too-rapid and large decrease in antimicrobial use (AMU) as demanded by European authorities would increase mortality, causing economic and welfare issues. To determine whether this concern is justified, the relationship between AMU (total and different classes) and mortality in dairy-type white veal calves, managed by 2 large veal companies, was explored. A retrospective cohort study was performed on electronically collected antimicrobial consumption and mortality data from the largest Belgian veal practice during the period 2014 to 2016. Mixed linear [mortality (%) as continuous outcome] and generalized linear mixed models with binary outcome for event and trial approach were built to identify factors associated with mortality. Data consisted of 76 production cycles from 29 farms managed by 2 veal companies (1 and 2) and covering 45,001 calves. Average AMU was 30.1 ± 10.4 defined daily doses for animals per year (± standard deviation) and was higher in veal company 2 than in veal company 1 (35.9 ± 9.3 and 22.4 ± 5.7 defined daily doses for animals per year, respectively). In contrast, mean mortality was lower in veal company 2 (2.3 ± 1.4%) than in veal company 1 (4.1 ± 1.4%). Both models showed a positive association between AMU and mortality in veal company 1 and no association in veal company 2. The final linear model identified increasing herd size and the use of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins as risk factors for mortality and the use of long-acting macrolides as a protective factor. The final logistic model identified an increased mortality risk with increased use of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins and sulfonamides-trimethoprim and decreased mortality when using long-acting macrolides. Based on these data, at the current levels of AMU in Belgian veal calves, an increase in mortality when reducing AMU could not be evidenced. Differences in herd size and factors other than AMU likely better explain why one veal company faces almost double the mortality of another one. Abandoning the use of long-acting macrolides might have negative consequences for mortality under the current state of the industry. The most ethical way to further reduce AMU in veal calves is likely simultaneously monitoring AMU and animal welfare parameters, starting with, but not limited to, mortality.