Short communication: Effect of delaying the first colostrum feeding on small intestinal histomorphology and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in neonatal male Holstein calves

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of delaying the first colostrum feeding on small intestinal histomorphology and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, and the secondary objective was to characterize the ultrastructure of the small intestine of neonatal calves at 51 h of life. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves were fed pooled, pasteurized colostrum (7.5% of birth body weight; 62 g of IgG/L) at 45 min (0H, n = 9), 6 h (6H, n = 9), or 12 h (12H, n = 9) after birth. At 12 h after their respective colostrum feeding, calves were fed milk replacer at 2.5% of birth body weight per meal and every 6 h thereafter. Blood samples were collected every 6 h using a jugular catheter and analyzed for serum IGF-1 concentrations using an automated solid-phase chemiluminescent immunoassay. At 51 h of life, calves were euthanized to facilitate collection of the duodenum, proximal and distal jejunum, and ileum. All segments of the small intestine were assessed for histomorphology, whereas scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy analyses were conducted only for the proximal jejunum and ileum. The results revealed that there was no overall effect of colostrum feeding time on serum IGF-1 concentrations; however, serum IGF-1 concentrations were influenced by time. Specifically, concentrations of serum IGF-1 at 48 h were 29% greater than concentrations at 0 h of life (312.8 ± 14.85 vs. 241.9 ± 14.06 ng/mL). Although there was no overall effect of colostrum feeding time on all histomorphological measures assessed, treatment × segment interactions were observed. Villi height was 1.4 times greater in the distal jejunum of 0H calves than in 6H and 12H calves, and 0H calves tended to have 1.2 times greater ileal villus height than 12H calves. In addition, 0H calves had 1.2 and 1.3 times greater ileal crypt depth than 6H and 12H calves, respectively, and 1.3 times greater surface area index than 12H calves in the distal jejunum. Qualitative ultrastructural evaluation of small intestinal enterocytes conducted irrespective of colostrum treatment revealed the presence of large vacuoles of electron-dense material, apical mitochondria, and apical canalicular systems in the jejunum and ileum. These results indicate that the calf intestine at 51 h of life contains unique enterocyte characteristics similar to fetal enterocytes and that delaying colostrum feeding may negatively influence intestinal growth and development.