Shock Wave–Induced Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Calcium Silicate Aluminate Hydrate at the Molecular Scale

Abstract

Calcium silicate aluminate hydrate (C-A-S-H) is the main hydration product of cement mixed with industrial wastes. The purpose of this study is to understand the dynamic mechanical behavior and structural transformations of molecular-scale C-A-S-H induced by shock waves. Three C-A-S-H models with Al/Si ratios of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2 are constructed and reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to perform shock compressions with different shock velocities from 0.1 km/s to 3.6 km/s. The distributions of particle velocity, pressure, and density along the shock direction are calculated using the binning analysis method, allowing Hugoniot pressure-specific volume curves to be derived. The results reveal that shock waves may induce elastic, elastic-plastic, or shock Hugoniot responses in molecular-scale C-A-S-H, depending on the Al/Si ratio and the shock velocity. Below the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), higher Al/Si ratios cause the elastic wave to propagate farther due to the cross-linking effect of aluminate units. Above the HEL, higher Al/Si ratios give rise to a distinct two-wave structure characteristic comprising a plastic front and an elastic precursor. This characteristic becomes less pronounced as the shock velocity increases. Analysis of the molecular structural transformations of C-A-S-H revealed that the main atomic deformation behavior below the HEL involves a reduction of interatomic distances; above the HEL the main response is a densification of water molecules followed by a general collapse of the layered structure as the shock velocity increases.