Abstract
Shock waves are gaining interests in biological and medical applications. In this work, we investigated the mechanical characteristics of shock waves that affect cell viability. In vitro testing was conducted using the metastatic breast epithelial cell line MDA-MB-231. Shock waves were generated using a high-power pulse laser. Two different coating materials and different laser energy levels were used to vary the peak pressure, decay time, and the strength of subsequent peaks of the shock waves. Within the testing capability of the current study, it is shown that shock waves with a higher impulse led to lower cell viability, a higher detached cell ratio, and a higher cell death ratio, while shock waves with the same peak pressure could lead to different levels of cell damage. The results also showed that the detached cells had a higher cell death ratio compared to the attached cells. Moreover, a critical shock impulse of 5 Pa·s was found to cause the cell death ratio of the detached cells to exceed 50%. This work has demonstrated that, within the testing range shown here, the impulse, rather than the peak pressure, is the governing shock wave parameter for the damage of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The result suggests that a lower-pressure shock wave with a longer duration, or multiple sequential low amplitude shock waves can be applied over a duration shorter than the fundamental response period of the cells to achieve the same impact as shock waves with a high peak pressure but a short duration. The finding that cell viability is better correlated with shock impulse rather than peak pressure has potential significant implications on how shock waves should be tailored for cancer treatments, enhanced drug delivery, and diagnostic techniques to maximize efficacy while minimizing potential side effects.
Highlights
Shock waves are supersonic pressure waves with a high amplitude and a short pulse duration.Shock waves can be generated through a shock tube, an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, or a laser
In vitro experimental studies were conducted to show that the impulse of the shock waves, not the peak pressure, was the dominant shock parameter on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells when the duration of the shock waves was shorter than the fundamental response period of the cells
The paint with polydimethylsiloxane (P/PDMS) coating yielded higher shock wave impulses, as the subsequent peaks of the P/PDMS coating were stronger than those of the carbon black mixed polydimethylsiloxane (C/PDMS) coating, which increased the total interaction duration and total energy imparted into the cells
Summary
Shock waves are supersonic pressure waves with a high amplitude and a short pulse duration.Shock waves can be generated through a shock tube, an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, or a laser. It is important to study the effect of shock wave on biological tissues and cells. Previous studies have exploited the interaction between shock waves and biological tissues and cells. Shock waves have been shown to change cell membrane permeabilization through the shear force induced by the relative motion between a target and surrounding fluid, and induce uptake of molecules and drugs [4,9]. Tensile stress exerted by the shock waves can lead to cavitation, and the bubble dynamics causes fluid jets. The shock waves and the induced cavitation dynamics lead to significant local sound field change and energy exchange, which could be strong enough to break calcified tissues [5,6].
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