Abstract
The effects of signaled unavoidable shock on positively reinforced lever-pressing behavior were investigated. Rats were alternately presented with periods of “safe” and “warning” signals. During the “warning” periods brief shocks occurred randomly and independent of the animals’ behavior. Rats with a history of positively reinforced lever-pressing showed both postshock bursts of responding (attack) and suppression of appetitive lever-pressing. These two effects of shock were described as occurring concurrently but with each predominating in one of two stages. Control Ss with no history of positively reinforced lever-pressing failed to attack the lever when shocked, suggesting that such a history was crucial to the production of aggressive behavior.
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