Abstract
The paper gives a review of the studies concerned with operation of vessels in brash ice. Recently, the ice conditions have received an ever increasing attention of the researchers related to the fact that shipping in the Arctic regions and freezing seas, as well as in inland waterways has been scaled up. One of the important fields of brash ice studies is specifics of sailing under these conditions and primarily determination of the ship ice resistance. The paper shows that theoretical methods combined with physical modeling in ice basins are used for determination of the ship ice resistance under brash ice conditions. The paper traces the evolution of theoretical models utilized for calculations. It is mentioned that the models are mainly based on loose material mechanics. A rapidly developing computer modeling of ship motion in brash ice based on discrete element method is considered. Physical modeling techniques used for modeling brash ice in ice basin are described, and challenges of experimental investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that experimental studies in ice basin can provide valuable data not only about ship ice resistance but also about the mechanisms giving rise to ice channels filled with brash ice. The paper describes the methods for studying operation of ship propellers in brash ice conditions. It is concluded that further research into brash ice is needed.
Highlights
It is mentioned that the models are mainly based on loose material mechanics
A rapidly developing computer modeling of ship motion in brash ice based on discrete element method is considered
Physical modeling techniques used for modeling brash ice in ice basin are described, and challenges of experimental investigations are discussed
Summary
The paper gives a review of the studies concerned with operation of vessels in brash ice. The paper shows that theoretical methods combined with physical modeling in ice basins are used for determination of the ship ice resistance under brash ice conditions. С точки зрения ледовой ходкости судов, как одного из направлений развития морской ледотехники, изучение особенностей движения судов в ТЛ представляет собой расширение набора ледовых условий, для которых проводятся исследования вновь проектируемых судов. Хотя испытания моделей проектируемых судов в ТЛ стали практически обязательным элементом исследований в ледовых бассейнах, еще пока нельзя утверждать, что полученные экспериментальные данные активно используются при проектировании корпуса судна. Все характеристики ТЛ обладают большой изменчивостью, тем не менее при анализе особенностей движения судов в таких льдах используются некоторые средние значения. В качестве примера приводится сводка механических характеристик тертого льда, заимствованная из работы [13], которая была использована для анализа выполненных в этой работе экспериментов: пористость — 40 %, угол естественного откоса (в воде/на воздухе) — 26,6° /20,7°, угол внутреннего трения — 42–58°
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