Abstract
As an important part of maritime traffic, ships play an important role in military and civilian applications. However, ships’ appearances are susceptible to some factors such as lighting, occlusion, and sea state, making ship classification more challenging. This is of great importance when exploring global and detailed information for ship classification in optical remote sensing images. In this paper, a novel method to obtain discriminative feature representation of a ship image is proposed. The proposed classification framework consists of a multifeature ensemble based on convolutional neural network (ME-CNN). Specifically, two-dimensional discrete fractional Fourier transform (2D-DFrFT) is employed to extract multi-order amplitude and phase information, which contains such important information as profiles, edges, and corners; completed local binary pattern (CLBP) is used to obtain local information about ship images; Gabor filter is used to gain the global information about ship images. Then, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to extract more abstract features based on the above information. CNN, extracting high-level features automatically, has performed well for object classification tasks. After high-feature learning, as the one of fusion strategies, decision-level fusion is investigated for the final classification result. The average accuracy of the proposed approach is 98.75% on the BCCT200-resize data, 92.50% on the original BCCT200 data, and 87.33% on the challenging VAIS data, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method when compared to the existing state-of-art algorithms.
Highlights
Ship classification in optical remote sensing imagery is important for enhancing maritime safety and security [1,2]
It is worth mentioning that 2D-DFrFT can enhance the edges, corners, and knots information of a ship image, which is useful for convolutional neural network (CNN) to learn high-level features; various orders of 2D-DFrFT feature contain different characteristics, which is the motivation of combining them with a Gabor filter and completed local binary pattern (CLBP) for classification improvement; in addition, because each feature does not possess all the advantages required for ship identification, a fusion strategy is adopted to synthesize the advantages of all branches that can detect complementary features on the basis of a multifeature ensemble, which could provide an effective and rich representation of the ship image
For the BCCT200-resize dataset, the proposed approach yields the highest classification accuracy of 98.75%, and the 2D-DFrFT-P+CNN obtains an accuracy of 95.00%, with an improvement of approximately 5%
Summary
Ship classification in optical remote sensing imagery is important for enhancing maritime safety and security [1,2]. It is worth mentioning that 2D-DFrFT can enhance the edges, corners, and knots information of a ship image, which is useful for CNN to learn high-level features; various orders of 2D-DFrFT feature contain different characteristics, which is the motivation of combining them with a Gabor filter and CLBP for classification improvement; in addition, because each feature does not possess all the advantages required for ship identification, a fusion strategy is adopted to synthesize the advantages of all branches that can detect complementary features on the basis of a multifeature ensemble, which could provide an effective and rich representation of the ship image.
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