Shifted mineral ions transport in the mollusk Unio pictorum exposed to environmental concentrations of diclofenac

Abstract

Previous studies showed that diclofenac (DCF), when released in the environment, can be toxic to aquatic animals (fish and mollusks), affecting gills, which are the main organ of ionic regulation. This study focuses on detecting the effects of relevant environmental concentrations of DCF (0.1–1 μg L−1) on the transport of main mineral cations, i.e. sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), by widely distributed freshwater bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum. After 96-h exposure to river aerated water at 25 °C with DCF concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1 (treatment I), and 1 μg L−1 (treatment II), the mollusks were transferred to deionized water, and daily (for 7 days) concentrations of these cations in the medium have been measured. Animals exposed to 1 μg L−1 DCF maintained the ionic balance between the organism and the diluted medium at a significantly higher level of Na, K, and Mg ions in water compared to the control and animals exposed to 0.1 μg L−1 DCF. At 0.1 μg L−1 DCF, the greater loss concerning the control (p < 0.05) was found only for Na ion. There were no differences in the dynamics of Ca ions between control and both treatments. This study showed that detectable environmental concentrations of DCF in natural waters can influence the transport of main cations required by freshwater animals to maintain their ionic balance, and the observed effect (elevated ion loss) is ion-specific and also dose-dependent.