Abstract
AbstractThere is an increasing recognition that the influence of extreme climate events (ECE) can be more significant in structuring ecosystem dynamics than the gradual effects of climate change. Still, our understanding of the effects of climate extremes on ecosystem services such as marine fisheries lags behind those of effects of gradual change. The significance of ECEs depends on the severity of the disturbance event and the resilience of a fish community. South Florida experienced an extreme cold spell in 2010 that provided the opportunity to study recreational fisheries resilience to ECEs. Our main goal was to examine how recreational fishing catch structures responded to the cold spell, and illustrate any spatial‐specific recovery trajectory dynamics after extreme ecological responses. To address this, we implemented multivariate and nonlinear statistics on fishing guide reports for 20 recreational species. A significant shift in the catch structure occurred after the event, suggesting a high sensitivity of fish populations and fisheries in the region to ECEs. All fishing regions considered were affected, but the trajectory of the response and recovery varied across study areas. While some fish species experienced an expected decline (due to mortality), other species manifested an increase in catch. Of the main seven species considered in nonlinear models, three experienced a decline (bonefish, snook, goliath grouper), two experienced an increase (red drum, gray snapper), and the two had various weak trends (tarpon, spotted seatrout). Three years after the event, the catch structure has not returned to the original state, indicating a possible state shift, whose stability needs to be determined in future tracking of affected populations. Future work should also address the extent to which harvest may interfere with resilience to ECEs. Our work highlights the need to account for rare environmental forcing induced by ECEs to ensure the ecological and economical sustainability of key services such as recreational fisheries.
Highlights
Ecosystem dynamics are influenced by many local and regional processes including climate oscillations and episodic anomalies (Walther et al 2002, Hughes et al 2005, Heenan et al 2015)
The principal coordinates analysis (PCOs) showed a marked shift in catch structure as a result of the 2010 cold spell (Fig. 2b)
We detected variation in how regions were affected by the 2010 cold spell over time, indicating possible lag times in the effects of the disturbance event or variation in recovery trajectories (Table 2)
Summary
Ecosystem dynamics are influenced by many local and regional processes including climate oscillations and episodic anomalies (Walther et al 2002, Hughes et al 2005, Heenan et al 2015). There is increasing recognition that extreme climate events (ECE; i.e., events that are rare, abrupt, and short in duration) can be more important in structuring ecosystem dynamics v www.esajournals.org. Extreme responses cross critical thresholds where community structure and ecosystem function move outside their normal bounds (Jentsch et al 2007, Smith 2011). Communities that recover will return to the predisturbance state and experience only temporary effects on ecosystem and ecological services; if the ECEs lead to as state shifts, effects may be long lasting and hard to reverse, and may require drastic and costly management actions to mitigate the loss of services (Scheffer et al 2001, Scheffer and Carpenter 2003, Suding et al 2004)
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