Shelf-to-basin iron shuttle in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Abstract

Enrichments of highly reactive iron (Fe) (sum of Fe (oxyhydr)oxide, carbonate and sulfide minerals) in marine sediments and sedimentary rocks are commonly interpreted as an indication of anoxic conditions in the bottom water at the time of deposition. The model system for this proxy rationale is the semi-restricted Black Sea, where sediments underneath the anoxic and sulfidic (i.e., euxinic) deep-water are enriched in reactive Fe, which was mobilized from the surrounding shelf areas. To test whether such a shelf-to-basin Fe shuttle can operate in semi-restricted basins without euxinic deep water, we investigated sedimentary Fe speciation and Fe isotope compositions in sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments on the slope underneath the eastern equatorial Pacific oxygen minimum zone and sediments within the oxic deep basin are both enriched in reactive Fe, with reactive Fe making up 45 ± 11% of the total Fe pool. The following mechanisms may contribute to these Fe enrichments: (1) Release of dissolved Fe from anoxic shelf and slope sediments followed by lateral transport of dissolved and/or particulate Fe in the water column; (2) preferential transport of fine-grained, terrigenous particles with a high reactive Fe content into the basin; (3) microbially mediated conversion of non-reactive silicate minerals to reactive Fe minerals during transport; (4) hydrothermal venting and lateral Fe transport within the deep water. The first process can explain reactive Fe enrichments in slope sediments, whereas all processes may contribute to sedimentary Fe enrichments in the deeper basin. The δ 56 Fe value of sediments increases from shelf to slope and decreases from the slope into the basin. This lateral pattern of δ 56 Fe, as well as the pattern of Fe enrichment, is similar to that observed in other marine systems with a Fe shuttle. However, the size of the Fe enrichment, and the range in δ 56 Fe (−0.06 to +0.16‰) is smaller. This difference is due to higher terrigenous sedimentation rates in the Guaymas Basin and, therefore, more intense dilution of shuttle-derived reactive Fe. We argue that, depending on the extent of bathymetric restriction and terrigenous background sedimentation, reactive Fe enrichments can form under a broad range of redox conditions and in diverse sedimentary environments. The concepts applied in this study can be used to identify those circumstances in the paleo-record.