Abstract
During the aging process of an organism, the skin gradually loses its structural and functional characteristics. The skin becomes more fragile and vulnerable to damage, which may contribute to age-related diseases and even death. Skin aging is aggravated by the fact that the skin is in direct contact with extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet irradiation. While calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective intervention to extend the lifespan of organisms and prevent age-related disorders, its effects on cutaneous aging and disorders are poorly understood. This review discusses the effects of CR and its alternative dietary intake on skin biology, with a focus on skin aging. CR structurally and functionally affects most of the skin and has been reported to rescue both age-related and photo-induced changes. The anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, stem cell maintenance, and metabolic activities of CR contribute to its beneficial effects on the skin. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the effects of fasting or a specific nutrient-restricted diet on skin aging have not been evaluated; these strategies offer benefits in wound healing and inflammatory skin diseases. In addition, well-known CR mimetics, including resveratrol, metformin, rapamycin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, show CR-like prevention against skin aging. An overview of the role of CR in skin biology will provide valuable insights that would eventually lead to improvements in skin health.
Highlights
The skin is the largest organ of the body and provides important protection from life-threatening environmental factors
Slower wound healing was observed in ad libitum (AL) and Calorie restriction (CR) aged animals compared to young subjects, which is consistent with previous data, but it was reported that CR animals with refeeding before the wound healed showed similar healing to that of the young animals, with enhanced synthesis of type I collagen
Interfollicular epidermal (IFE) stem cells are localized in the basal layer of the epidermis, and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and Melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) are in the bulge and the hair germ [65]
Summary
The skin is the largest organ of the body and provides important protection from life-threatening environmental factors. The skin undergoes physiological and functional deterioration as organisms age, which manifests as visible changes that are clearly apparent. The esthetic implication of skin aging has been a motivating factor behind numerous studies investigating this phenomenon. The effects of CR on the skin are poorly understood. The lifespan-prolonging changes induced by CR in the skin are believed to be less pronounced than in other major organs, including the liver, heart, and brain. This review serves to summarize the characteristics of skin aging and discuss current studies focusing on the effects of CR and alternative approaches to CR on cutaneous physiology and aging
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