Shed light on submerged DC arc discharge synthesis of low band gap gray Zn/ZnO nanoparticles: Formation and gradual oxidation mechanism

Abstract

Synthesis of colloidal metal oxides with controllable size and morphology is burgeoning field of research in nanoscience. Low band gap gray Zn/ZnO colloidal nanoparticles were fabricated by plasma-liquid interaction of DC arc discharge in water. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis spectroscopy were employed for morphology, crystal structure and optical characterizations respectively. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to investigate the plasma properties during the synthesis and formation mechanism of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with different size and shape were fabricated only by adjusting discharge current during synthesis without introducing any chemical agent. Electric discharge current was set to 20, 50, 100 and 150 A during synthesis. Estimated values of plasma excitation energies were 2.41, 2.66, 2.86 and 3.04 eV and diameter size of nanoparticles were 63, 42, 37 and 29 nm for these applied currents respectively. Synthesized nanoparticles were dark gray as prepared and became more transparent gradually getting white color finally. XRD and UV–vis results revealed that the oxidation process was time dependent. The colloidal nanoparticles composed of two metal and metal-oxide phase and white crystalline ZnO was achieved after complete oxidation process. These results provided a flexible and versatile method to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles with controlled composition.