Abstract
Light and temperature are two important environmental signals to plants. After dawn, photo-activated phytochromes translocate into the nucleus and interact with a family of negative basic helix-loop-helix PIF regulators. Subsequent phosphorylation and degradation of PIFs triggers a series of photomorphogenic responses. However, excess light can damage the photosynthetic apparatus and leads to photoinhibition. Plants acclimate to a balanced state of photomorphogenesis to avoid photodamage. Here, we show that upregulation of PIF4 expression by SHB1 and CCA1 under red light represents a desensitization step. After dawn, the highly expressed circadian clock protein CCA1 brings circadian signals to the regulatory region of the PIF4 signaling hub. Recruitment of SHB1 by CCA1 modulates red light-specific induction of PIF4 expression thus integrating circadian and light signals. As noon approaches and light intensity and ambient temperature tend to increase, the SHB1–CCA1 interaction sustains PIF4 expression to trigger thermomorphogenic responses to changing light and temperature conditions.
Highlights
Light and temperature are two important environmental signals to plants
PIF4 expression was induced by red light, downregulated in shb[1] and upregulated in short hypocotyl under blue 1 Dominant (shb1-D) compared with wild type under red light (Fig. 1a)
PIF1, PIF3, PIF5, and PIF7 expression was induced by red light, only the red light-induced expression of PIF7 was partially compromised in shb[1] but not in shb1-D (Supplementary Fig. 1a)
Summary
Light and temperature are two important environmental signals to plants. After dawn, photoactivated phytochromes translocate into the nucleus and interact with a family of negative basic helix-loop-helix PIF regulators. Recruitment of SHB1 by CCA1 modulates red light-specific induction of PIF4 expression integrating circadian and light signals. Following conversion to the biologically active Pfr form, phytochromes translocate into the nucleus and interact with an important subfamily of bHLH transcription factors, the phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs). Their interaction leads to their phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation via the 26 S proteasome and alters gene expression rapidly[5,6,7,8]. Photoreceptors and the circadian clock sense and integrate diurnal and seasonal changes in environmental signals and modulate plant growth and development.
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