Abstract
Innate immune cells monitor invading pathogens and pose the first-line inflammatory response to coordinate with adaptive immunity for infection removal. Innate immunity also plays pivotal roles in injury-induced tissue remodeling and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. Lipid metabolites are emerging as the key players in the regulation of innate immune responses, and recent work has highlighted the importance of the lipid metabolite palmitate as an essential component in this regulation. Palmitate modulates innate immunity not only by regulating the activation of pattern recognition receptors in local innate immune cells, but also via coordinating immunological activity in inflammatory tissues. Moreover, protein palmitoylation controls various cellular physiological processes. Herein, we review the updated evidence that palmitate catabolism contributes to innate immune cell-mediated inflammatory processes that result in immunometabolic disorders.
Highlights
Lipid species are the major and most abundant constituents of living systems
Oleate can activate diacylglycerol acyl transferase to convert DAG to triacylglycerol, diminishing both the level of DAG and palmitate-derived cytotoxicity [31]. These results suggest that the levels of intracellular palmitate derivatives play pivotal roles in orchestrating palmitate-mediated cell fates
Chen et al revealed that palmitate induces chemotactic activity and M1 polarization in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) through formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2)-mediated pathways, as decreased chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression has been observed in Fpr2-deficient BMDMs [36]
Summary
Lipid species are the major and most abundant constituents of living systems. The essential plasma membrane components comprise lipid species such as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids [1]. In addition to serving as the fundamental units of the cell membrane, lipids are energy sources involved in signal transduction pathways for cellular homeostasis maintenance, and regulate cell behaviors in response to stress or environmental stimuli [2,3]. It has been shown that lipid metabolites contribute to the regulation of host immune systems. Bioactive lipid mediators govern a wide scope of immune responses, which involve a variety of inflammatory processes and coordinate immune cell functions, leading to pathogenesis of metabolic-related disorders. Palmitate plays a predominant role in immune cell network coordination. We focus on the regulatory roles of the fatty acid palmitate in controlling immune balance. We discuss how palmitate modulates and contributes to the effector function of innate immune cells, which in turn mediates pathogenic inflammation
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