Abstract
Diffractive lenses fabricated by lithographic methods are one of the most popular image forming optics in the x-ray regime. Most commonly, binary diffractive optics, such as Fresnel zone plates, are used due to their ability to focus at high resolution and to manipulate the x-ray wavefront. We report here a binary zone plate design strategy to form arbitrary illuminations for coherent multiplexing, structured illumination, and wavefront shaping experiments. Given a desired illumination, we adjust the duty cycle, harmonic order, and zone placement to vary both the amplitude and phase of the wavefront at the lens. This enables the binary lithographic pattern to generate arbitrary structured illumination optimized for a variety of applications such as holography, interferometry, ptychography, imaging, and others.
Highlights
High brightness synchrotron light sources and x-ray free electron lasers [1,2,3] are currently being built around the world due to their potential for new x-ray science [4] opportunities, ranging from materials to biological sciences
One of the primary challenges associated with arbitrary wavefront-shaping diffractive optics for the x-ray regime is the difficulty of fabricating 3D structures that account for both the amplitude and phase modifications needed for accurate wavefront shaping
To produce high-fidelity structured illumination while maintaining a binary design, three new diffractive optics design concepts have been developed and are presented here. Various parameters such as duty cycle, harmonic order, and zone placement are adjusted to vary both the amplitude and phase of the wavefront at the lens. These binary diffractive optics can be used to generate arbitrary structured illumination optimized for a variety of applications such as holography [11], imaging [12,13,14,15], interferometry, ptychography [16,17,18,19,20], and other coherent multiplexing experiments
Summary
High brightness synchrotron light sources and x-ray free electron lasers [1,2,3] are currently being built around the world due to their potential for new x-ray science [4] opportunities, ranging from materials to biological sciences. Binary photon sieves [9, 10] have been proposed for nano-focusing but they are unable to produce arbitrary shaping Overcoming these challenges requires a new diffractive optics design strategy that provides accurate shaping while falling within the practical constraints of current nanofabrication capabilities. Various parameters such as duty cycle, harmonic order, and zone placement are adjusted to vary both the amplitude and phase of the wavefront at the lens These binary diffractive optics can be used to generate arbitrary structured illumination optimized for a variety of applications such as holography [11], imaging [12,13,14,15], interferometry, ptychography [16,17,18,19,20], and other coherent multiplexing experiments
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