Abstract
A technique based on speckle interferometry for observing microstructures beyond the diffraction limit by detecting the spatial phase distribution of scattered light from microstructures has previously been reported. In this study, the development of this technique using a two-dimensional method is discussed. In order to observe general two-dimensional images, development of new technology in several stages is required. A two-dimensional filtering technique to reduce the noise component and a two-dimensional integration path to detect the three-dimensional shape of the surface are described in detail. As a first step toward observing complex two-dimensional structures in the future, it is investigated that directional two-dimensional information such as fibrous materials and micro-linear structures can be visually captured and treated as meaningful two-dimensional structures. As a result, it is shown that it is possible to observe fine two-dimensional letters with a line width of 100 nm, which is beyond the diffraction limit of the objective lens, demonstrating the effectiveness of the observation technique for microstructures by phase detection.
Highlights
Introduction on Speckle InterferometryPhotonicsThe observation of microstructures has been widely used in biological research [1,2,3].it is difficult to observe microstructures by optical microscopy due to the diffraction phenomenon of light [4], and electron microscopy is generally used for observation
A laser beam is divided by a half mirror: one beam is irradiated to a measurement object with a rough surface, and the other beam is irradiated to a rough reference surface to generate a reference beam [15,16]
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Summary
Introduction on Speckle InterferometryPhotonicsThe observation of microstructures has been widely used in biological research [1,2,3].it is difficult to observe microstructures by optical microscopy due to the diffraction phenomenon of light [4], and electron microscopy is generally used for observation. Fluorescent proteins have been used to observe micro-structures in the field of biotechnology, and new super-resolution techniques [5] have been developed to promote biotechnology research, such as PALM (photoactivated localization microscopy) [6] and STED (stimulated emission depletion) [7]. These techniques require a lot of time to capture image information and require a dying process, which makes it difficult to capture dynamic biological living objects as two-dimensional (2D) images directly in the atmosphere. The acquisition of images beyond the Rayleigh limit requires to capture a higher-order diffraction light of lens [9], which is generally not possible
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