Shape isomers: status and perspectives across the nuclear chart

Abstract

The paper reviews the searches for shape isomers, which are “extreme” example of shape-coexistence phenomena in nuclei. They may appear when highly deformed structures, well localized in the nuclear Potential Energy Surface (PES) in the deformation space, undergo a significant change in shape to match the final state shape, thus leading to a substantially hindered γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document} decay. This is in sharp contrast to the vast majority of shape-coexistence phenomena, where significant mixing in the initial and final state wave functions is found. So far, the most spectacular examples of shape isomerism are known in fissioning systems in the actinides, although only scarce experimental information is available from experiments conducted more than 20 years ago. Searches in lighter mass regions, guided by theory predictions based on different approaches and experimental investigations on superdeformed systems, are also presented. They point to 64,66\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{64,66}$$\\end{document}Ni as additional examples of prolate deformed shape-isomer-like structures, although with much reduced hindrance with respect to the actinides. Their origin is strictly related to the action of the monopole component of the tensor force of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, which is expected to favor the appearance of deep secondary minima also in the PES of Sn nuclei with masses 112–118. Perspectives in current searches of shape isomerism with modern detection systems, in the actinides regions and in lighter masses, are discussed.