Shang Yang's Reforms

Abstract

Compared with the various states in the east, the state of Ch'in was very backward. During the Spring and Autumn period, Ch'in was at one time powerful, and Duke Mu was the conqueror of the tribes in the west. However, Ch'in was always treated as a barbarian state and kept out of various alliances. When the various states in the east implemented a series of grand reforms, the political, economic, and military systems in the state of Ch'in remained unchanged.