Shame in patient-health professional encounters: A scoping review.

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Shame can arise during patient-health professional encounters when discussing traumatising and stigmatising topics and can contribute to negative patient outcomes. This review aims to summarise what is known regarding shame in patient-health professional encounters. We conducted a scoping review using Levac and colleagues' approach and reported the findings using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. We searched four databases (CINAHL, PsychINFO, PubMed and SocINDEX) for empirical studies that involved shame in patient-health professional encounters contextualised by trauma or stigma and were published in English. We categorised what is known regarding shame in empirical studies using inductive content analysis. We also collected stakeholders' perspectives on the review findings through an online survey. Our initial search yielded 3658 articles, of which 37 were included. We summarised the literature into four categories: (1) What health professionals say they do in patient-health professional encounters, (2) What health professionals think patients feel in patient-health professional encounters, (3) Patients' descriptions of their own shame during patient-health professional encounters and (4) Health professionals' descriptions of their own shame during patient-health professional encounters. Shame can arise in a variety of circumstances during patient-health professional encounters. More research is needed to identify what specific communication strategies used by health professionals during patient-health professional encounters contribute to or avoid patient shame.