Shame and Guilt: Relationships of Test of Self-Conscious Affect Measures With Psychological Adjustment and Gender Differences in Iran

Nima Ghorbani,P J Watson,Zhuo Chen,Mehdi Salimian

doi:10.5964/ijpr.v7i1.118

Abstract

In numerous studies conducted in Western societies, shame as measured by the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) has correlated with maladjustment whereas the TOSCA Guilt Scale has predicted adjustment. The present investigation sought to determine if such linkages would also appear in the Muslim cultural context of Iran. Iranian university students (N = 132) responded to Shame and Guilt Scales from the third version of the TOSCA, along with an array of personality measures. Shame correlated negatively with adjustment and positively with maladjustment. Guilt displayed an opposite pattern of relationships. As in previous Western investigations, women scored higher than men on guilt, but the expected female elevation in shame failed to appear. Shame, nevertheless, interacted with gender to predict relationships with poorer psychological functioning in women, but not in men. These data most importantly confirmed that the TOSCA Shame and Guilt Scales in Iran display implications similar to those observed in the West and that gender differences in Iran may deserve additional research attention.

Highlights

IntroductionAs Dost and Yagmurlu (2008) make clear, psychological theory and research subsequently suggested that guilt may be important in the adaptive development of self-responsibility
Most studies examining the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) Shame and Guilt Scales have used Western samples, and an important question is whether these measures have the same implications in non-Western societies (Tangney, 2003)
This study most importantly confirmed that TOSCA Shame and Guilt Scales in Iran had psychological implications similar to those observed in the West

Summary

Introduction

As Dost and Yagmurlu (2008) make clear, psychological theory and research subsequently suggested that guilt may be important in the adaptive development of self-responsibility. Influential in recent research attempts to differentiate between these two moral emotions have been the psychotherapeutic insights of Lewis (1971). She argued that shame results from a global condemnation of the whole self, but guilt reflects instead a more limited negative evaluation of specific behaviors. Most studies examining the TOSCA Shame and Guilt Scales have used Western samples, and an important question is whether these measures have the same implications in non-Western societies (Tangney, 2003)

Methods

Discussion

Conclusion