Shallow high‐resolution 2-D and 3-D electrical crosshole imaging

Abstract

In the last decade, the direct current electrical resistivity (ER) method has been used to assist design and construction of tunnels and dams in Japan. ER is more suitable for shallow surveys than the electromagnetic (EM) method because ER is not affected by man‐made noise, an asset that enhances multichannel data acquisition. ER is most effective for depths of up to 100 m.