Abstract
Shake flasks are the most popular reaction vessels for screening and process development in bioprocess engineering. The simplicity of the system allows its application for a considerable variety of different tasks. In spite of its large practical relevance, the importance of engineering aspects for the cultivation in shake flasks has been underestimated for a long time. In this article, the important physical characteristics for an optimized use of shake flasks as cultivation vessels are described. Mathematical correlations based on experimental findings for important scale-up parameters as, for example, the power input and the gas/liquid mass transfer are discussed in detail. It is described how the flow conditions in shake flasks can be defined as ‘in-phase’ and ‘out-of-phase’ operation conditions and how these conditions affect the cultivation of microorganisms. Important process variables such as the mixing time, the hydromechanical stress, and the maximum energy dissipation rate are discussed for the optimization of culture conditions. Finally, important future trends as online measuring techniques, for example, oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rate, optical density, pH, and dissolved oxygen tension as well as systems for fed-batch and continuous operation of shaken bioreactors are described.
Published Version
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