Abstract
BackgroundPublic health and human right issues are challenging in low and middle income countries. The main objectives of this paper were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with domestic violence, extramarital sex, and spousal communication among male.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 2466 married males in Kathmandu, Nepal was conducted using random sampling method. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of associated factors were estimated by stepwise backward likelihood ratio method.ResultsPrevalence of domestic violence was 63.14% (95% CI 61.20-65.05), extramarital sex was 32.12% (95% CI 30.27-34.00), and spousal communication was 48.87% (95% CI 46.85-50.90). Nearly one in five male (18.20%) had not used condom during extramarital sex.Interestingly, male who had more than three or equal children were less likely to have perpetrated domestic violence compared with those who had less children. Older male aged 25 and above were more likely (AORs = 1.55, 95% CI 1.19-2.03) to have extramarital sex compared with male aged 24 or below. Those male who had studied secondary or higher level of education were less likely to have extramarital sex compared to those who had primary level or no education. Male who had higher income were more likely to have spousal communication compared to those who had less income. Surprisingly, those male who had extramarital sex were less likely to have spousal communication compared with those was not involved in extramarital sex.ConclusionPractice of domestic violence and extramarital sex is quite common among married male in Nepal, where spousal communication is sparse. These findings can be used to advocate for immediate attention and activities needs to be endorsed by policymakers and programmers.
Highlights
Public health and human right issues are challenging in low and middle income countries
Regarding decision making for family planning, two third of the respondent (66.16%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 64.23-68.06) indicated that they were decision makers for FP
Half of the male (48.87%, 95% CI 46.8550.90) indicated that they had spousal communication regarding fertility, and FP
Summary
Public health and human right issues are challenging in low and middle income countries. Psychological and sexual violence is greatly common in the world, which has great public health impacts [1,2,3], viz. HIV, alcohol abuse and drug addiction, homicide and suicides, mental disorders, miscarriages, preterm labor, fetal distress and low studies in Nepal to assess the prevalence of violence in different settings and populations is sparse. Domestic violence has strong association with low income, low education level of husband, alcohol and drug use, young age, and eye witnessing DV during childhood, HIV status, polygamy, multiple sexual partners, use of contraceptives, woman’s power over resources, woman’s education, employment and culture [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Government of Nepal passed a law on genderbased violence which made punishment range from a fine or six months in jail or both depending on the type of violence, this law is seldom imposed strictly [27,28]
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