Abstract
Private supplementary tutoring, or shadow education, has long been a major phenomenon in parts of East Asia, including Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. In recent times, shadow education has been rapidly increasing in other Asian countries as well, as it has in Europe and North America. Traditionally, private supplementary tutoring has been a neglected topic in research, though there has been much more research in recent years. A growing body of literature focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, which occurs in academic subjects beyond the hours of mainstream formal schooling (Bray, 1999, 2003; Kwok, 2004; Silova & Bray, 2006; Yoo, 2002).
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