Abstract
The amount of solar radiation reaching the front cover of a photovoltaic module is crucial for its performance. A number of factors must be taken into account at the design stage of the solar installation, which will ensure maximum utilization of the potential arising from the location. During the operation of a photovoltaic installation, it is necessary to limit the shading of the modules caused by both dust and shadowing by trees or other objects. The article presents an analysis of the impact of the radiation reaching the surface of the radiation module on the efficiency obtained. Each of the analyzed aspects is important for obtaining the greatest amount of energy in specific geographical conditions. Modules contaminated by settling dust will be less efficient than those without deposits. The results of experimental studies of this effect are presented, depending on the amount of impurities, including their origins and morphologies. In practice, it is impossible to completely eliminate shadowing caused by trees, uneven terrain, other buildings, chimneys, or satellite dishes, and so on, which limits the energy of solar radiation reaching the modules. An analysis of partial shading for the generated power was also carried out. An important way for maximizing the incoming radiation is the correct positioning of the modules relative to the sun. It is considered optimal to position the modules relative to the light source, that is, the sun, so that the rays fall perpendicular to the surfaces of the modules. Any deviation in the direction of the rays results in a loss in the form of a decrease in the available power of the module. The most beneficial option would be to use sun-tracking systems, but they represent an additional investment cost, and their installations require additional space and maintenance. Therefore, the principle was adopted that stationary systems should be oriented to the south, using the optimal angle of inclination of the module surface appropriate for the location. This article presents the dependence of the decrease in obtained power on the angle of deviation from the optimal one.
Highlights
Various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as: type of material of the front cover, position relative to the sun, type of installation, location, temperature of the cells included in the modules, existing shading, and deposition of dirt on the front side modules, can occur simultaneously or individually (Figure 1)
Computer software coupled with the device enables quick wet measurements for testing by means of a scanning electron microscope and a laser particle analyzer, all the obtained of particles with dimensions from 0.08 to 2000 μm
We have studied the influence of partial shading of a PV module on the generated electrical
Summary
Various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as: type of material of the front cover, position relative to the sun, type of installation (tracking or stationary), location, temperature of the cells included in the modules, existing shading, and deposition of dirt on the front side modules, can occur simultaneously or individually (Figure 1). Many researchers have conducted experiments to determine the magnitude of the effect of the above factors on performance of PV modules, independently. Under natural conditions, above factors on performance of PV modules, independently. The purpose of thiswith publication is the to determine howefficiency much dust, shading, and non-optimal alignment of the module respect to sun affects the of PV installations. Alignment of the module with respect to the sun affects the efficiency of PV installations
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