Abstract
This study identifies characteristics of seedling, mature plant phenotypes, changes at genetic and genomic level associated with Swarnaprabha (SP) rice grown under prolonged shade and compared with Nagina 22 (N22). Coleoptile length under low red/far-red was intermediate between that in dark and red light in a 7-days growth frame. Whereas, highest rootlet number was discriminating in seedlings grown for 28 days in hydroponics. In shade, SP and N22 both showed several tolerant mature plant phenotypes, except the panicle length, yield per plant and % grain filling, which were higher in SP. Percentage decrease in yield / plant in shade showed significant positive correlation with increase in NDVI, decrease in panicle length and % grain filling (p ≤ 0.01). Rate of panicle emergence in shade was higher in SP than N22. Expression patterns of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR LIKE-13 and PHYTOCHROME B were contrasting in SP and N22 seedlings under continuous red or red/far-red. Microarray analysis revealed the up-regulation of most of the ethylene and cytokinin pathway genes in shade grown panicles of SP. Significant up-regulation of ETHYLENE RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN-2, MOTHER OF FLOWERING TIME 1, and SHORT PANICLE1 genes in shade grown panicles of SP could explain its sustainable higher yield in shade.
Highlights
Crop yield is affected by low R/FR ratio of incident light, which is the characteristic of canopy or shade
While the root length (RL) of the lines did not have any characteristic elongation/inhibition from D to continuous red (cR) or from cR to cR/FR on petriplates (Fig. 1c), the RL of most of the lines grown in hydroponics showed significantly shorter RL under cR compared to D and longer under cR/FR compared to cR (Fig. 1d)
Higher shoot length (SL), RL and rootlet number (RN) could be taken as distinct phenotype under cR/FR when grown in hydroponics, whereas on petriplates seedlings grown under cR had distinctly short SL and Coleoptile length (CL)
Summary
Crop yield is affected by low R/FR ratio of incident light, which is the characteristic of canopy or shade. Www.nature.com/scientificreports line Swarnaprabha (SP) such as low light irradiance tolerance, sustainable yield in shade[12,13,14]. Expression of genes that are known to be linked to yield and related attributes under low-light, and (iv) The genomic changes underlying sustainable yield of Swarnaprabha were attempted. For this purpose, three different durations of rice varieties were selected including Nagina 22 (N22) as short duration, KMR3 as medium duration and Swarna as long duration rice and compared with Swarnaprabha (short duration) which is the most studied shade tolerant rice variety. NH686 and 192S were selected as high yielding lines than N22 and Swarna respectively, whereas 399 was selected as low yielding line than KMR3
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