Sexual Stigma and Sexual Prejudice: Understanding the Unique Experiences of Sexual Minority Male Youth

Abstract

Growing up within a broader society that assumes heterosexuality and traditional gender roles impacts the personal development of sexual minority (SM) male youth. SM male youth are at increased risk for negative health outcomes including substance use, HIV, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide. Sexual prejudice and discrimination related to sexual orientation have been consistently linked to these negative mental health outcomes. Those who choose not to conceal their sexual identity and openly self-label at an earlier age are more susceptible to physical and verbal abuse (Pilkington & D’Augelli, 1995). Many gay and bisexual male youth avoid gender nonconformity and adopt traditional masculine ideals as a way of “passing” and avoiding oppression (Pheonix, Frosh, & Pattman, 2003). Over-monitoring one’s behavior and appearance can leave sexual minority youth feeling socially isolated, thereby exacerbating psychological distress and negative mental health outcomes. Despite the negative effects of sexual stigma, sexual minority male youth continue to demonstrate strength and resilience (Anderson, 1998). Developing a positive collective identity is beneficial in cultivating an affirming sexual identity and effective coping strategies. Additionally, connection with an LGBTQ group or community has been found to facilitate affirmation for one’s sexual identity (DiFulvio, Soc Sci Med 72(10):1611–1617, 2011). This chapter will explore the unique stressors, experiences, and coping strategies sexual minority male youth use to deal with sexual prejudice. The importance of connecting with the LGBTQ community and the implications for sexual identity development will be discussed.