Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight Loss, Improvements in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Maintenance of Beneficial Effects 6 Months after a Low-Calorie Diet: Results from the Randomized Controlled DiOGenes Trial.

Inez Trouwborst,Ellen E Blaak,Wim H M Saris,Gijs H Goossens,Arne Astrup

doi:10.3390/nu13051588

Inez Trouwborst, Ellen E Blaak + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051588

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Journal: Nutrients	Publication Date: May 10, 2021
Citations: 9	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: TiFN, Maastricht University, University of Copenhagen

Abstract

A low-calorie diet (LCD) is an effective strategy to lose weight and improve cardiometabolic risk factors, however, sexual dimorphism may be present. This study aims to investigate sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic risk factors following weight loss and after weight maintenance. 782 overweight/obese participants (65% women) of the DiOGenes trial followed an 8-week LCD (~800 kcal/day), with a 6-months follow-up weight maintenance period on ad libitum diets varying in protein content and glycemic index. Men lost more body weight during the LCD period (−12.8 ± 3.9 vs. −10.1 ± 2.8 kg, respectively, p < 0.001), but regained more weight during the follow-up period than women (1.5 ± 5.4 vs. −0.5 ± 5.5 kg, respectively, p < 0.001). Even though beneficial LCD-induced changes in cardiometabolic risk factors were found for both sexes, improvements in HOMA-IR, muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity, triacylglycerol, HDL−, LDL− and total cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol esters, sphingomyelins and adiponectin were more pronounced in men than women (std. ß range: 0.073–0.144, all q < 0.05), after adjustment for weight change. During follow-up, women demonstrated a lower rebound in HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol (std. ß range: 0.114–0.164, all q < 0.05), independent of changes in body weight. Overall, we demonstrated sexual dimorphism in LCD-induced changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk profile, which may be attributed to differences in body fat distribution and metabolic status.

Highlights

Introduction iationsObesity is as a metabolic disease with major implications for the development and progression of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1]
Women had lower values for waist-hip ratio, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, 2-hr glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, hepatic insulin resistance (HIRI), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and adiponectin compared to men while HDL-cholesterol, FFA and CRP were higher in women
The present study demonstrates sexual dimorphism in low-calorie diet (LCD)-induced body weight loss, improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, and maintenance of beneficial effects

Summary

Introduction

Obesity is as a metabolic disease with major implications for the development and progression of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1]. Weight loss resulting from a low-calorie diet (LCD) is seen as an effective strategy to improve obesity and its related metabolic risk factors [2]. Weight maintenance after successful weight loss is one of the biggest challenges in the management of obesity, while it is of utmost importance to maintain improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors [3]. Men and women show distinct responses to a LCD, both in relation to the amount of weight loss, the associated improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors and how well these improvements are maintained during follow-up [2,4,5]

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