Abstract
Understanding the evolution and genetics of sex differences is significant in both pure and applied research. Sex determination in the family Cucurbitaceae is complex owing to the existence of multiple sexual phenotypes and evolutionary changes between different systems as well as variability in chromosome numbers and structures. Dioecy (or the separate sexed condition) is widespread in angiosperms and the recent availability of molecular markers, next-generation based genome sequencing and small RNA profiling had advanced understanding of the evolution and genetics of sexual dimorphism in several dioecious plant species. Many cucurbits including some economically important species are dioecious. In this review, we summarize knowledge about the molecular mechanisms associated with sexual differentiation in dioecious cucurbits including sexlinked regions and genes identified using molecular markers. We also discuss the roles of small regulatory molecules, phytohormones and transposon variation affecting sex phenotypes in dioecious cucurbits for commercial exploitation.
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