Sex-Specific Differences in Lysine, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetic Acid in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet, Independent of Diet.

Nirajan Shrestha,Steven D Melvin,Andrew J Mcainch,James S M Cuffe,Daniel R Mckeating,Anthony V Perkins,Deanne H Hryciw,Olivia J Holland

doi:10.3390/ijms221910223

Abstract

Background: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is required for foetal growth and development. Excess intake of LA can be detrimental for metabolic health due to its pro-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of a diet high in LA on offspring metabolites is unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of maternal or postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diet on plasma metabolites in adult offspring. Methods: Female Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed with either low LA (LLA) or HLA diet for 10 weeks prior to conception and during gestation/lactation. Offspring were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25), treated with either LLA or HLA diets and sacrificed at PN180. Metabolite analysis was performed in plasma samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Results: Maternal and postnatal HLA diet did not alter plasma metabolites in male and female adult offspring. There was no specific clustering among different treatment groups as demonstrated by principal component analysis. Interestingly, there was clustering among male and female offspring independent of maternal and postnatal dietary intervention. Lysine was higher in female offspring, while 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetic acid were significantly higher in male offspring. Conclusion: In summary, maternal or postnatal HLA diet did not alter the plasma metabolites in the adult rat offspring; however, differences in metabolites between male and female offspring occurred independently of dietary intervention.

Highlights

The maternal and postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diets do not have any overarching effect on plasma metabolites in male (Figure 1) offspring as observed in heatmaps
Principal component analysis (PCA) determines how diet affects the clustering of different treatment groups, which illustrated there was no specific clustering among the groups in male (Figure 2)
Maternal and postnatal HLA diets do not have any overarching effect on plasma metabolites in female offspring (Figure 3) and PCA analysis identified no specific clustering among the groups in female (Figure 4) offspring

Summary

Introduction

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is required for foetal growth and development. Excess intake of LA can be detrimental for metabolic health due to its pro-inflammatory properties; the effect of a diet high in LA on offspring metabolites is unknown. We aimed to determine the role of maternal or postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diet on plasma metabolites in adult offspring. Results: Maternal and postnatal HLA diet did not alter plasma metabolites in male and female adult offspring. There was clustering among male and female offspring independent of maternal and postnatal dietary intervention. Conclusion: In summary, maternal or postnatal HLA diet did not alter the plasma metabolites in the adult rat offspring; differences in metabolites between male and female offspring occurred independently of dietary intervention

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion