Abstract
Abstract Purpose There are large disparities in the impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and outcomes by sex and gender. Achieving health equity requires understanding risks and medication efficacy in female patients, especially now, as novel pharmacologic treatments are transforming the diabetes and CVD treatment landscape. This review examines 2 bodies of research that can inform sex differences in CVD in patients with diabetes: female-specific risk factors for CVD and sex-related limitations of clinical trial research in evaluating novel diabetes and CVD treatments. Methods Two literature searches were performed using Ovid Medline(R) All. The first retrieved manuscripts covering sex and gender differences related to CVD risk and therapies and diabetes. The second focused on randomized controlled trial data on sex/gender differences and GLP-1/SGLT-2/DPP-4 drugs. Results Female-specific risk factors for CVD include early menarche, premature or early menopause, irregular cycles and polycystic ovary syndrome; pregnancy; adverse pregnancy outcomes; history of breast cancer; and autoimmune diseases. Clinical trials of novel pharmacological treatments for diabetes and CVD have undersampled female populations, and clinical characteristics of male and female participants have differed significantly. Thus, evidence to evaluate potential sex differences in treatment efficacy and side effects has been lacking. Conclusion To improve health of female patients with diabetes, sex-specific cardiovascular risk factors should be taken into account in screening and treatment decisions. Further, studies of cardiovascular and diabetes medications must ensure adequate representation by sex and report participant characteristics and outcomes by sex.
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