Abstract
BackgroundIn a recent study, we found associations of a common oxytocin receptor (OXTR) polymorphism with inter-individual differences in empathy, especially with emotional empathy in women. Many other studies found specific associations of oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin, serotonin and dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms with various aspects of trait empathy. As all these receptors belong to the guanine-binding protein (G protein) coupled receptor family, it is a reasonable assumption, that alterations in genes encoding G protein subunits also influence the signal transduction in empathy related circuits. However, to the best of our knowledge, these genomic variations have not yet been studied in genetic research on empathy.MethodsHere, we analysed associations of a common polymorphism of the GNAS gene (C393T) in a previously characterized sample of 421 healthy blood donors (231 M, 190 F; age 18–74). The GNAS gene encodes the G protein adenylyl cyclase stimulator (Gαs) G protein subunit, which activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathways by stimulating the adenylyl cyclase. Cognitive and emotional aspects of dispositional empathy were tested using Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI).ResultsIn the complete sample, associations of C393T genotype with IRI empathy scores, including cognitive empathy (p = 0.055) and perspective taking (p = 0.057) scores did not reach a level of significance. None of the IRI scores was near to being significantly associated with C393T genotype for men alone. In females, however, genotype was significantly associated with cognitive empathy (r = -.204, p = 0.005) and perspective taking (r = -.209, p = 0.004), accounting for 4.2% and 4.4% of variability. The association of genotype with perspective taking remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (p = 0.045). The 393C-allele, which had been identified as a risk factor in several medical conditions such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes, was associated with higher cognitive empathy compared to the T allele in our sample.ConclusionsThe results suggest a significant association of GNAS C393T genotypes with the cognitive empathic capacity of perspective taking. This association could only be found in female participants.
Highlights
Empathy is a complex psychological capacity including both a cognitive appraisal of other people’s experience and an affective reaction to their emotions, which may or may not result in a behavioural outcome such as offering help to others in need [1]
Associations of C393T genotype with Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) empathy scores, including cognitive empathy (p = 0.055) and perspective taking (p = 0.057) scores did not reach a level of significance
The results suggest a significant association of GNAS C393T genotypes with the cognitive empathic capacity of perspective taking
Summary
Empathy is a complex psychological capacity including both a cognitive appraisal of other people’s experience and an affective reaction to their emotions, which may or may not result in a behavioural outcome such as offering help to others in need [1]. Effects of the polymorphism accounted for a maximum of 2.1% of the variability in female IRI scores (effect size r = .146, p = 0.04) and were only slightly larger than those observed in a recent meta-analysis (n = 4955) on the association of this polymorphism with general sociality (Cohen’s d = 0.11, p = .02) [14] For this reason, we discussed our results in the context of a polygenetic determination of empathic dispositions. A considerable number of genetic variations have been associated with empathic dispositions Among these are several OXTR polymorphisms [15], variations in the CD38 gene, which codes for a transmembrane protein engaged in the secretion of oxytocin [16,17,18] polymorphisms of arginine-vasopressin receptors [19,20] and of several genes regulating monoaminergic, especially serotonergic and dopaminergic activity [17,21,22]. To the best of our knowledge, these genomic variations have not yet been studied in genetic research on empathy
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