Abstract
BackgroundPlasma fibrinogen (FIB) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Patients with non-calcified plaque (NCP) or mix plaque (MP) have a higher risk of poor outcomes. However, the association between FIB and the presence of NCP or MP (NCP/MP) remains unclear, and if present, whether sex has any impact on this association remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of FIB in predicting the presence of NCP/MP and evaluate whether sex has any impact on this association.MethodsA total of 329 subjects were recruited, and the clinical and laboratory data were collected. Plasma FIB was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to whether they had coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the characteristics of the most stenotic plaque, we divided them into three groups: no plaque (NP), calcified plaque (CP), and NCP/MP.ResultsPatients with NCP/MP had significantly higher FIB level in females, but not in males. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that FIB was an independent risk factor for the presence of NCP/MP (odds ratio [OR] = 3.677, 95% CI 1.539–8.785, P = 0.003) in females. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value FIB for predicting the presence of NCP/MP was 3.41 g/L (area under curve [AUC] = 0.73, 95% CI 0.63–0.82, P < 0.001) in females.ConclusionsFIB is independently associated with the presence of NCP/MP in females, but not in males. These results suggest that the potential significance of FIB-lowering regimens in females with NCP/MP.
Highlights
Plasma fibrinogen (FIB) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Women tend to present with coronary artery disease later in life [9], while women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have an unfavorable outcome compared with their male counterparts [10, 11]
There was a higher proportion of participants with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in the calcified plaque (CP) and non-calcified plaque (NCP)/ mix plaque (MP) groups compared with the no plaque (NP) group, while there
Summary
Plasma fibrinogen (FIB) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of FIB in predicting the presence of NCP/MP and evaluate whether sex has any impact on this association. Fibrinogen (FIB), as a coagulation factor, participates in the thrombus formation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that FIB was a pro-inflammatory factor, which played an important role in the development of atherosclerosis [2]. Several studies have shown that FIB was associated with cardiovascular disease [3, 4]. FIB has been shown to be an independent predictor for the adverse cardiovascular outcomes of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [4, 6,7,8]. Previous studies showed that women had higher FIB level than men [12]
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