Sex or Fission? Genetics Highlight Differences in Reproductive Strategies of Two Sympatric Fissiparous Sea Cucumber Species in Reunion Island (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Abstract

Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus chloronotus are among the most widespread tropical sea cucumber species usually harvested for food and medicine in Asian countries, for which natural stocks have collapsed worldwide. Both species can reproduce sexually and asexually, and a better understanding of their reproductive strategy can provide useful information for conservation purposes. To describe the genetic structure and diversity of sympatric populations from these species in space and time, individuals were sampled over different sites and seasons in Reunion Island (Southwestern Indian Ocean). They were genotyped using 24 and 9 specific microsatellite markers for H. leucospilota and S. chloronotus, respectively. Multi-locus genotypes (MLG) and lineages (MLL) were identified, and analyses of population structure were performed among sites and seasons. No repeated MLG nor MLL were found for H. leucospilota, demonstrating the absence of asexual reproduction. Populations of H. leucospilota were not genetically differentiated, acting as a metapopulation, with larval exchanges within the reef. Contrarily, repeated MLGs were found for S. chloronotus and all populations were genetically differentiated. Asexual reproduction seems to reach a high level for this species (mean clonal richness = 0.24). For both species, genetic structure was stable through seasons. Thus, these sympatric fissiparous sea cucumber species use two different strategies of reproduction, which may allow them to reduce interspecific competition.