Abstract
The effect of sex hormones on global–local tasks has rarely been studied, offering, when done, conflicting results possibly modulated by the congruency between hierarchical stimuli, and by the attentional demands. Here, we examined the global advantage (GA) effect in men (with high testosterone levels), women in the mid-luteal phase (with high levels of estradiol and progesterone), in the ovulatory phase (with high estradiol but low progesterone levels); and in the early follicular phase and with hormonal contraceptive (HC) use (with low sex hormone levels). The level of processing (global–local), the congruency (congruent vs. incongruent), and attentional demands (divided vs. selective) were manipulated. The divided-incongruent condition was sensible to estradiol and progesterone levels and, in this condition, mid-luteal women performed more locally while men performed more globally. The selective-incongruent condition was sensible to the testosterone level and, in this condition, men were faster. The HC group showed a congruency effect in the GA reaction times (RTs) during both, divided and selective conditions. Finally, the GA RTs of the ovulatory group differed from the early follicular and mid-luteal groups only in the congruent-selective condition, but the performance was not related with sex hormone levels. This result is interpreted in relation with the brain effects of estradiol in the absence but not in the presence of progesterone. Thus, sex, menstrual cycle, HC, task difficulty and sex hormones seem to modulate performance in the global–local task. These factors represent an important source of variability in studies focused on the processing of hierarchical stimuli and allow apparently inconsistent data to be explained.
Highlights
Most likely, over the course of our lives, we have wondered if we are the type of person who sees the trees or the forest in our path
No significant difference in menstrual cycle duration was found among the three groups of women with natural menstrual cycles, F
This study investigated the processing of hierarchical stimuli in a global–local task
Summary
Over the course of our lives, we have wondered if we are the type of person who sees the trees or the forest in our path. Knowing the individual characteristics that determine the processing of the information in a more global (i.e., seeing the forest) or in a more local (i.e., seeing the trees) style has been a recurrent question in neurosci ence. Navon (1977) proposed a well-known paradigm (the glob al–local paradigm or Navon task) to study global and local processing during visual stimuli presentation. In this task, global structures that are made up of local parts are presented to participants who have to recognize either just the global structure or just the local parts. Perfor mance is better in congruent trials (e.g., identifying a large square made of small squares) than in incongruent trials (e.g., identifying a large square made of small rectangles), and the GA effect is greater in the latter case (Alvarez-San Millan et al, 2021; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2010; Leaver et al, 2015; Steenbergen et al, 2015)
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