Sex hormones and related compounds, including hormonal contraceptives

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of female sex hormones—estrogens and progestogens—and reviews their adverse effects on the endocrine system, genital system, and skin. It also discusses associated tumor-inducing effects and adverse effects in men. The potential adverse effects of estrogen/androgen therapy, which are usually reversible on early withdrawal of treatment, include mild hirsutism, acne, and voice changes. Continuous administration of an estrogen and a progestogen is effective in achieving amenorrhea with prolonged use (75% at 6 months). An adverse effect of such a regimen is a high incidence of unpredictable breakthrough bleeding , particularly during the initial months of treatment. The chapter presents a comparison of second-generation and third-generation formulations of venous thromboembolism and oral contraceptives. It discusses the tumor-inducing effects of male sex hormones and reviews the long-term implications of medical therapy on benign prostatic hyperplasia.