Sex, gender, and individual entrepreneurial orientation: evidence from four countries

Abstract

The purpose of the present study is to examine the role of biological sex and gender identity in relation to individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). Data was collected in the United States, Hong Kong, India, and Turkey. Results suggest that IEO is higher among men and that among both males and females both masculinity and femininity are positively related to IEO. Finally, results show that androgynous identity contributes more to IEO than masculine, feminine or undifferentiated gender identities.